The Possible Harmful Biological
Effects of Low-level Electromagnetic Fields of
Frequencies up to 300 GHz
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The Possible Harmful Biological
Effects of Low-level Electromagnetic
Fields of Frequencies up to 300 GHz
|
| Portable Radio Systems |
| Broadcast Antennas |
| Satellite Systems |
| Radar Systems |
INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS
DIVISION
OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND MEDICINE
It is the belief of some international governments
and regulatory bodies and of the wireless telecommunications
industry that no consistent increases in health
risk exist from exposure to RF/MW radiation unless
the intensity of the radiation is sufficient
to heat body tissue. However, it is important
to note that these positions are based on non-continuous
exposures to the general public to low intensity
RF/MW radiation emitted from wireless telecommunications
base stations. Furthermore, most studies that
are the basis of this position are at least five
years old and generally look at the safety of
the phone itself. IAFF members are concerned
about the effects of living directly under these
antenna base stations for a considerable stationary
period of time and on a daily basis. There are
established biological effects from exposure
to low-level RF/MW radiation. Such biological
effects are recognized as markers of adverse
health effects when they arise from exposure
to toxic chemicals for example. The IAFF’s
efforts will attempt to establish whether there
is a correlation between such biological effects
and a health risk to fire fighters and emergency
medical personnel due to the siting of cell phone
antennas and base stations at fire stations and
facilities where they work.
The electromagnetic RF/MW radiation transmitted
from base station antennas travel toward the
horizon in relatively narrow paths. The individual
pattern for a single array of sector antennas
is wedge-shaped, like a piece of pie. Cellular
and PCS base stations in the United States are
required to comply with limits for exposure recommended
by expert organizations and endorsed by government
agencies responsible for health and safety. When
cellular and PCS antennas are mounted on rooftops,
RF/MW radiation levels on that roof or on others
near by would be greater than those typically
encountered on the ground.
The telecommunications industry claims cellular
antennas are safe because the RF/MW radiation
they produce is too weak to cause heating, i.e.,
a "thermal effect." They point to "safety
standards" from groups such as ANSI/IEEE
or ICNIRP to support their claims. But these
groups have explicitly stated that their claims
of “safe RF/MW radiation exposure is harmless” rest
on the fact that it is too weak to produce a
rise in body temperature, a "thermal effect."
There is a large body of internationally accepted
scientific evidence which points to the existence
of non-thermal effects of RF/MW radiation. The
issue at the present time is not whether such
evidence exists, but rather what weight to give
it.
| Dr. A. W. Guy reported an extensive
investigation on rats chronically exposed
from 2 up to 27 months of age to low-level
pulsed microwaves at SARs up to 0.4 W/Kg.
The exposed group was found to have a significantly
higher incidence of primary cancers.
A. W. Guy, C. K. Chou, L. Kunz,
L, Crowley, and J. Krupp, "Effects
of Long-Term Low-Level Radiofrequency
Radiation Exposure on Rats." Volume
9. Summary. Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine,
USF-SAM-TR-85-11; 1985
|
Internationally acknowledged experts in the
field of RF/MW radiation research have shown
that RF/MW transmissions of the type used in
digital cellular antennas and phones can have
critical effects on cell cultures, animals, and
people in laboratories and have also found epidemiological
evidence (studies of communities, not in the
laboratory) of serious health effects at "non-thermal
levels," where the intensity of the RF/MW
radiation was too low to cause heating. They
have found:
Increased cell growth of brain cancer cells
A doubling of the rate of lymphoma in mice
Changes in tumor growth in rats
An increased number of tumors in rats
Increased single- and double-strand breaks in DNA, our genetic material
2 to 4 times as many cancers in Polish soldiers exposed to RF
More childhood leukemia in children exposed to RF
Changes in sleep patterns and REM type sleep
Headaches caused by RF/MW radiation exposure
Neurologic changes including:
Changes in the blood-brain-barrier
Changes in cellular morphology (including cell death)
Changes in neural electrophysiology (EEG)
Changes in neurotransmitters (which affect motivation and pain perception)
Metabolic changes (of calcium ions, for instance)
Cytogenetic effects (which can affect cancer, Alzheimer's, neurodegenerative
diseases)
Decreased memory, attention, and slower reaction time in school children
Retarded learning in rats indicating a deficit in spatial "working
memory"
Increased blood pressure in healthy men
Damage to eye cells when combined with commonly used glaucoma medications
| Drs. Henry Lai and N. P. Singh of the
University of Washington in Seattle have
reported both single- and double-strand
DNA breaks in the brains of rats exposed
to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation
at an SAR of 1.2 W/Kg. DNA is the carrier
of the genetic information in all living
cells. Cumulated DNA strand breaks in brain
cells can lead to cancer or neurodegenerative
diseases. |
Many national and international organizations
have recognized the need to define the true risk
of low intensity, non-thermal RF/MW radiation
exposure, calling for intensive scientific investigation
to answer the open questions. These include:
The World Health Organization, noting reports
of "cancer, reduced fertility, memory loss,
and adverse changes in the behavior and development
of children."
The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
The Swedish Work Environmental Fund
The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
The European Commission (EC)
New Zealand's Ministry of Health
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization of Australia
(CSIRO)
The Royal Society of Canada expert group report prepared for Health Canada
European Union's REFLEX Project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental
Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive
in vitro Methods)
The Independent Group on Electromagnetic Fields of the Swedish Radiation
Protection Board (SSI)
The United Kingdom’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)
The EMF-Team Finland's Helsinki Appeal 2005
| Dr. Stanislaw Szmigielski has studied
many thousands of Polish soldiers. He has
found that those exposed to radiofrequency
and microwave radiation in the workplace
had more than double the cancer rate of
the unexposed servicemen analyzing data
from 1971-1985. He has presented further
data suggesting a dose-response relationship
with soldiers exposed to 100-200 W/cm2
suffering 1.69 times as many cancers as
the unexposed, and those exposed to 600-1000
W/cm2 suffering 4.63 times as many cancers.
The level considered safe for the public
according to FCC regulations is 1000 W/cm2.
Occupational exposure up to 5000 W/cm2
is allowed. |
Non-thermal effects are recognized by experts
on RF/MW radiation and health to be potential
health hazards. Safe levels of RF/MW exposure
for these low intensity, non-thermal effects
have not yet been established.
The FDA has explicitly rejected claims that
cellular phones are "safe."
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
stated repeatedly that the current (ANSI/IEEE)
RF/MW safety standards protect only against thermal
effects.
Many scientists and physicians question the
safety of exposure to RF/MW radiation. The CSIRO
study, for example, notes that there are no clear
cutoff levels at which low intensity RF/MW exposure
has no effect, and that the results of ongoing
studies will take years to analyze.
Other
meters here Internationally, researchers and physicians
have issued statements that biological effects
from low-intensity RF/MW radiation exposure
are scientifically established
On the basis of our daily experiences, we hold
the current mobile communications technology
(introduced in 1992 and since then globally extensive)
and cordless digital telephones (DECT standard)
to be among the fundamental triggers for this
fatal development. One can no longer evade these
pulsed microwaves. They heighten the risk of
already-present chemical/physical influences,
stress the body–immune system, and can
bring the body–still-functioning regulatory
mechanisms to a halt. Pregnant women, children,
adolescents, elderly and sick people are especially
at risk.
Statement of the physicians and researchers
of Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für
Umweltmedizin e. V. (Interdisciplinary Association
for Environmental Medicine) IGUMED, Sackingen,
Germany, September 19, 2002. The Freiburger Appeal
can be found at: http://www.mastsanity.org/doctors-appeals.html.
| Features |
Specifications
|
More
Info
|
Features Specifications More Info
Ten digit LCD display
16 segment RF relative strength bargraph
Low power consumption
Wide frequency range and high sensitivity
Hold switch to lock display
Selectable gate time (0.0625sec, .25sec, 1sec, 4sec)
|
Frequency:
Range: 1MHz-300Hz (channel A), 10MHz-3GHz (channel B)
Resolution: .01Hz (channel A), 10Hz (channel B)
Counter Sensitivity:
< 0.8 mV at 100 MHz
< 6 mV at 300 MHz
< 7 mV at 1.0 GHz
< 100 mV at 2.4 GHz
|
BNC connector for line or
antenna (included)
Battery: Internal 4 x AA 600 mAH NiCd pack
Power: 9VDC 300 mA
Weight: 7.4 ounce
Size: 3.14 x 2.67 x 1.22 inches |
10-digit liquid crystal display
Hold switch to lock display
Ultra-sensitive, synchronous detector - 16-section bargraph to show RF
signal strength.
High speed 300MHz direct counter with 0.1Hz resolution.
Four selectable gate speeds
Low power consumption (average 6 hour battery life).
Supplied with NiCd pack, AC wall charger, 7 section telescopic antenna.
Low battery indicator
Broadcast
Frequency Counter
|
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Broadcast
Frequency Counter
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The following references reporting biological effects of
radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at low intensities through
January 2005 were compiled on 12/27/04 by Henry C. Lai
PhD, Research Professor of Bioengineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
Balode Sci Total Environ 180(1):81-85, 1996 - blood
cells from cows from a farm close and in front of a radar
installation showed significantly higher level of severe
genetic damage.
Boscol et al. Sci Total Environ 273(1-3):1-10, 2001
- RFR from radio transmission stations (0.005 mW/cm2)
affects immune system in women.
Chiang et al. J. Bioelectricity 8:127-131, 1989 - people
who lived and worked near radio antennae and radar installations
showed deficits in psychological and short-term memory
tests.
de Pomerai et al. Nature 405:417-418, 2000. Enzyme Microbial
Tech 30:73-79, 2002 - reported an increase in a molecular
stress response in cells after exposure to a RFR at a
SAR of 0.001 W/kg. This stress response is a basic biological
process that is present in almost all animals - including
humans.
de Pomerai et al. (FEBS Lett 22;543(1-3):93-97, 2003
- RFR damages proteins at 0.015-0.020 W/kg.
D'Inzeo et al. Bioelectromagnetics 9(4):363-372, 1988
- very low intensity RFR (0.002 – 0.004 mW/cm2)
affects the operation of acetylcholine-related ion-channels
in cells. These channels play important roles in physiological
and behavioral functions.
Dolk et al. Am J Epidemiol 145(1):1-91997- a significant
increase in adult leukemias was found in residents who
lived near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency
modulation (FM) radio transmitter in England.
Dutta et al.Bioelectromagnetics 10(2):197-202 1989 -
reported an increase in calcium efflux in cells after
exposure to RFR at 0.005 W/kg. Calcium is an important
component of normal cellular functions.
Fesenko et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):29-35,
1999 - reported a change in immunological functions in
mice after exposure to RFR at a power density of 0.001
mW/cm2.
Hallberg O, Johansson O, ( 2004) concluded that continuous
disturbance of cell repair mechanisms by body-resonant
FM electromagnetic fields seems to amplify the carcinogenic
effects resulting from cell damage caused e.g. by UV-radiation.
Hjollund et al. Reprod Toxicol 11(6):897, 1997 - sperm
counts of Danish military personnel, who operated mobile
ground-to-air missile units that use several RFR emitting
radar systems (maximal mean exposure 0.01 mW/cm2), were
significantly lower compared to references.
Hocking et al. Med J Aust 165(11-12):601-605, 1996 -
an association was found between increased childhood
leukemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV
towers.
Ivaschuk et al. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):223-229, 1999
- short-term exposure to cellular phone RFR of very low
SAR (26 mW/kg) affected a gene related to cancer.
Kolodynski and Kolodynska, Sci Total Environ 180(1):87-93,
1996 - school children who lived in front of a radio
station had less developed memory and attention, their
reaction time was slower, and their neuromuscular apparatus
endurance was decreased.
Kwee et al. Electro- and Magnetobiology 20: 141-152,
2001 - 20 minutes of cell phone RFR exposure at 0.0021
W/kg increased stress protein in human cells.
Lebedeva et al. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 28(1-2):323-337,
2000 - brain wave activation was observed in human subjects
exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.06 mW/cm2.
Magras and Xenos Bioelectromagnetics 18(6):455-461,
1999 - reported a decrease in reproductive function in
mice exposed to RFR at power densities of 0.000168 -
0.001053 mW/cm2. Irreversible sterility was found in
the fifth generation of offspring.
Mann et al. Neuroendocrinology 67(2):139-144, 1998 -
a transient increase in blood cortisol was observed in
human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.02
mW/cm2. Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress reaction.
Marinelli et al. J Cell Physiol. 198(2):324-332, 2004
- exposure to 900-MHz RFR at 0.0035 W/kg affected cell’s
self-defense responses.
Michelozzi et al. Epidemiology 9 (Suppl) 354p, 1998
- leukemia mortality within 3.5 km (5,863 inhabitants)
near a high power radio-transmitter in a peripheral area
of Rome was higher than expected.
Michelozzi et al. Am J Epidemiol 155(12):1096-1103,
2002 - childhood leukemia higher at a distance up to
6 km from a radio station.
Navakatikian and Tomashevskaya “Biological Effects
of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Volume 1," D.O.
Carpenter (ed) Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.333-342.
1994 - RFR at low intensities (0.01 - 0.1 mW/cm2; 0.0027-
0.027 W/kg) induced behavioral and endocrine changes
in rats. Decreases in blood concentrations of testosterone
and insulin were reported.
Novoselova et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):37-41,
1999 -low intensity RFR (0.001 mW/cm2) affects functions
of the immune system.
Park et al. International Archives of Occupational and
Environmental Health 77(6):387-394, 2004 - higher mortality
rates for all cancers and leukemia in some age groups
in the area near the AM radio broadcasting towers.
Persson et al. Wireless Network 3:455-461, 1997 - reported
an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
in mice exposed to RFR at 0.0004 - 0.008 W/kg. The blood-brain
barrier envelops the brain and protects it from toxic
substances.
Phillips et al. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:103-110,
1998 - reported DNA damage in cells exposed to RFR at
SAR of 0.0024 - 0.024 W/kg.
Polonga-Moraru et al. Bioelectrochemistry 56(1-2):223-225,
2002 - change in membrane of cells in the retina (eye)
after exposure to RFR at 15 µW/cm2.
Pyrpasopoulou et al. Bioelectromagnetics 25(3):216-227,
2004 - exposure to cell phone radiation during early
gestation at SAR of 0.0005 W/kg (5 µW/cm2) affected
kidney development in rats.
Salford et al. Environ Health Persp Online January 29,
2003 - Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure
to microwaves from GSM mobile phones signal at 0.02 W/kg.
Santini et al. Pathol Biol (Paris) 50(6):369-373, 2002
- increase in complaint frequencies for tiredness, headache,
sleep disturbance, discomfort, irritability, depression,
loss of memory, dizziness, libido decrease, in people
who lived within 300 m of mobile phone base stations.
Sarimov et al. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 32:1600-1608, 2004
- GSM microwaves affect human lymphocyte chromatin similar
to stress response at 0.0054 W/kg.
Schwartz et al. Bioelectromagnetics 11(4):349-358, 1990
- calcium movement in the heart affected by RFR at SAR
of 0.00015 W/kg. Calcium is important in muscle contraction.
Changes in calcium can affect heart functions.
Somosy et al. Scanning Microsc 5(4):1145-1155, 1991
- RFR at 0.024 W/kg caused molecular and structural changes
in cells of mouse embryos.
Stagg et al. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):230-236, 1997-
glioma cells exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.0059
W/kg showed significant increases in thymidine incorporation,
which may be an indication of an increase in cell division.
Stark et al. J Pineal Res 22(4):171-176, 1997 - a two-
to seven-fold increase of salivary melatonin concentration
was observed in dairy cattle exposed to RFR from a radio
transmitter antenna.
Tattersall et al. Brain Res 904(1):43-53, 2001 - low-intensity
RFR (0.0016 - 0.0044 W/kg) can modulate the function
of a part of the brain called the hippocampus, in the
absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability
may be consistent with reported behavioral effects of
RFR, since the hippocampus is involved in learning and
memory.
Vangelova et al. Cent Eur J Public Health 10(1-2):24-28,
2002 - operators of satellite station exposed to low
dose (0.1127 J/kg) of RFR over a 24-hr shift showed an
increased excretion of stress hormones.
Velizarov et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48(1):177-180,
1999 - showed a decrease in cell proliferation (division)
after exposure to RFR of 0.000021 - 0.0021 W/kg.
Veyret et al. Bioelectromagnetics 12(1):47-56, 1991
- low intensity RFR at SAR of 0.015 W/kg affects functions
of the immune system.
Wolke et al. Bioelectromagnetics 17(2):144-153, 1996
- RFR at 0.001W/kg affects calcium concentration in heart
muscle cells of guinea pigs.
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