Live-blood Analysis

If you take a small drop of blood from a finger tip and place it on a slide under a darkfield microscope you can watch patterns in the live-blood. In standard microscopy light is shone directly through the sample (specimen) and viewed against a bright field or background. However, we cannot easily observe live material in this manner. Because a specimen must be thin to be observed, it is also virtually transparent. Therefore we must stain it to see it, and to do this we usually have to kill the specimen. This staining process has become very sophisticated. There are hundreds of stains and hundreds of questions you can ask about your specimen with these stains. And that, as far as most microscopists are concerned, is that.


Red Blood Cells as seen in Darkfield
With darkfield microscopy, however, the procedure is crucially different. The light does not travel directly through the specimen, but comes in from the sides and only light which is reflected by the specimen is viewed and viewed against a dark background, hence ?arkfield microscopy? In this way a highly contrasted image is obtained and there is no need to use a stain. We can therefore watch living material.
Practitioners of live-blood analysis claim they can spot cancer and other "degenerative immune system diseases" up to two years before they would otherwise be detectable. Some practitioners say that they can see parasites. Almost everyone who studies live-blood in detail comes up with their own story. Let me tell you about a few of these, and then I'll tell you what I think I could and what I could not see.

Quebec scientist Gaston Naessens is a controversial figure who invented a remarkable microscope using a complex UV light source. He called it a "somatoscope" and with it he was able to examine living material at 30 times the resolution available with conventional microscopes. This led him to the discovery of what he calls "somatids". Somatid means "tiny bodies". According to Naessens somatids are found in all living creatures. In a healthy organism somatids have a simple three stage life cycle (somatid, spore, and double spore). In this "microcycle" somatids are symbiotic: they perform essential functions in the regulation of cell division, Naessens claims.

However, when we are ill the somatids elaborate into a complex sixteen stage "macrocycle". The somatids of the macrocycle are bacteria-like and fungus-like. This change of form is an example of what is called "pleomorphism". Gaston Naessens' theory says that we see the macrocycle in ill health or with impending illness. It is also claimed that with the darkield microscope we may see the disease pattern in the blood up to two years before a disease (for example cancer) manifests. The somatid cycle (discovered by Naessens with the somatoscope and analyzed in culture) can be observed and monitored with darkfield microscopy. We can use this to alert us to incipient problems, or to monitor a patients response to therapies, both orthodox or alternative therapies.

A second approach to live-blood analysis has been assembled from many sources by Prof. Lida Mattman of the Wayne State University and her colleague Dr. Phil Hockstra. Micro-organisms, when challenged, shed their cell walls. While this leaves them less virulent, it also makes them less vulnerable. Shedding their skins they lose most of the markers that identify them as foreign bodies to our immune systems. They can also now change their shape - this simple change of shape is also called pleomorphism - and all this means they can easily invade and hide in the body's own cells.

In live-blood analysis as taught by Dr. Hockstra attention is paid to the microbes, to the shape and activity of the white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC). By observing the red cells we can tell a lot about the state of metabolism in general and of the liver particular. Meanwhile, observing the white cells gives us a reading on the state of the immune system, and the pattern of microbes tell us if disease is overwhelming the body's defences. Note that while we call this "live-blood" analysis it is really dying blood that we are observing. In a sense we are watching how quickly rot sets in after we take the drop of blood out of the body and this tells us how much resilience and vitality there is in the body - it is a measure of the body's health.


Toxoplasma gondii: an intracellular protazoan parasite

In both Naessens' and Hockstra's systems the blood is observed for 30 minutes. There are however a large number of practitioners who observe the live-blood for about five minutes with a "phase-contrast" microscope and then make a "nutritional assesment". While one can observe the red cells as well with a phase contrast condenser as with darkfield, white cells, microbes, platelets and other blood elements are not as well visualized. I also fear, personally, that much of this "nutritional analysis" is spurious. But then I also disagree with Naessens and Hockstra on a number of points as well.

For instance, almost everyone puts undue emphasis on the fact that red cells clump together in coin-like stacks (or rouleaux formation) and treat this as pathological. In fact RBCs clump together in rouleaux stacks wherever space allows them to. They do this, actually, to reduce the viscosity of the blood and for the protection that the red cells receive by traveling in these train-like processions. This is a normal function of blood and, furthermore, its extent cannot be easily quantified with live-blood work. (This is because we can not calculate exactly how thick the sample is at any point.) The extent of this clumping, this rouleaux formation can however be easily measured in standard blood work as sedimentation rate, or SED rate. (If rouleaux formation is excessive the blood sediments settle more quickly.) SED rate is a general indicator of inflammation. We generally expect the SED rate to be elevated in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. But SED rate is a very general and imprecise measure, and medicine pays little attention to it nowdays.

Some microscopists claim that live-blood can be used to diagnose for parasites. It is important to note that "parasites" are large and generally live in the gut. In live-blood analysis we take a small drop of blood, perhaps a billionth part. Your blood would have to be overrun with these "giants" before we would see them. I've looked at hundreds of bloods and perhaps I've seen a parasite once. We do, however, see a lot of break down products from the blood cells. In particular the cell walls of the red cells will often unravel just like a knitted jersey. Wiggly moving threads unravel from the red cell walls. Their scientific name is myelin spindles, but some practitioners are calling them "parasites". Just because it is moving does not mean that it is alive! At microscopic dimensions it is normal for inanimate objects to move. This is caused by thermal and by Brownian motion.

What do I see in live-blood analysis? In my practice I have integrated several schools of darkfield microscopy. I have been trained by Naessens step-sons in the somatidian analysis and by Dr. Hockstra in his more conservative, but still controversial, approach. It is my opinion that using these systems judiciously we can see, first, the health of the "ground" or "terrain" - how healthy is the organism? are the red cells well formed? We can see the pressure on the immune system - how stressed are the white blood cells? Note, while we see the pressure in the system, we don't see exactly when or how it is going to break down. We can see how close to being overwhelmed the system may be - is the rot, the bacteria and fungus, taking over? Finally, and most importantly, we can watch over time how a patient is responding to their treatment.

There are also, of course, more specific things we can tell at times. There are signs of free radical damage and oxidation. And with yeasts, candida, we can see some indication of how prevalent these are in the whole body. Further, we always get a lot of information about the degree and the types of anemia that may be present. But primarily I find darkfield live-blood analysis a way of monitoring general health. It is particularly useful, as mentioned above, in tracking patient's response over time to their treatments indicating at the earliest moment a need to change a medication or therapy. In certain conditions, especially cancer or other life threatening disease, where time is a crucial factor, darkfield microscopy can possibly be of help in choosing and monitoring the effect of therapy.

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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course WHAT ARE WE SEENG UNDER THE DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE: INTERPRETING THE BLOOD MORPHOLOGIES CLASSICAL MICROBIOLOGICAL VIEWLESSON 8 – PART I INTRODUCTION There are two ways to answer the question in the title of this lesson: What are we seeing under the darkfield microscope? How do we interpret these morphologies that we see? Prof. Enderlein spent many years observing morphologies under the microscope and indeed in those days the technology was much less developed that it is today. Most darkfield microscopists usually study the Enderleinian perspective and analyze the blood according to this. Whether this is right or wrong is a difficult judgement. What I am convinced about, however, having read much of the Enderlein research and compared it to more modern research to try to understand what is being seen under darkfield, I have come to the conclusion that both sides present interesting data. However, if I were in a court of law with a traditionally trained microbiologist trying to defend Enderleinian principles, I would be on very shaky ground indeed! Modern microbiologists do not recognize the morphologies or the language used by Enderlein and as expert witnesses in a court of law, their word counts. However, there is the more traditional, scientific approach that microbiologists would understand and agree with the various morphologies seen in darkfield – here you will be on safe, scientific ground as you are simply using your darkfield microscope as a scientist identifying various morphologies and interpreting according to traditional microbiological knowledge. In this course I do not intend to omit either of these two views – if anything, the Enderlein perspective has important historical significance, but on the other hand science is not set in stone and I strongly believe that more work in this field of live blood analysis will reveal a lot that is not part of our knowledge base at the moment. Therefore, Enderlein’s perspective will be given, along with a number of his own papers for those that want to pursue his research further and get a better understanding. Most of these papers are in Lessons 4 and 5 which talks about the history of darkfield microscopy as well as the work of Prof. Enderlein. This lesson I have left more for those that want to feel safe in that court of law so thatthey can be on the same page as the traditional microbiologist. Everything that you interpret in the blood picture that you see under darkfield, based on what you learn from this lesson, is scientific and well-researched and understood by most microbiologists. So let’s begin our learning in this fascinating field of darkfield microscopy and get some real science under our belt! TRADITIONAL MICROBIOLOGY & HAEMATOLOGY In traditional haematology and microbiology, there is much research on the various components of blood. These blood components have been correlated with other biochemical tests, as well as various disease processes. © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course This is real science which if used correctly by the microscopist can help to place LiveBlood Analysis into the realm of science where it truly belongs. This approach can certainly be understood by the average doctor and scientist, and is grounded in scientific research and principles with many scientific, peer-reviewed publications to back it. There is still much to learn in the field of LBA – this is what makes it such an exciting field as every time you look under the microscope you will see new things that you will not be able to identify. I suggest that you use the approach of “Nutritional Microscopy” and correlate what you see in the live blood with the patient’s history, much like you do with every other clinical test that you use. This not only makes a lot more sense, but will help to build the picture of your patient’s problems, discover new “hidden” aetiologies, and generally help the patient to progress to better, optimal health. Darkfield microscopy does not offer a specific organ diagnosis or a nosological diagnosis; instead its core evidence is concerned with stresses which cause illness and tendencies to disease, as found primarily in the circulatory system. Another important aspect of Live Blood Analysis is the visual component – the fact that patient’s can actually view their blood in real time on the screen and see and identify the various components of the blood makes this truly fascinating for them, and helps to increase compliancy. This is “VISUAL MEDICINE” and “seeing is believing”, or a “picture is worth a thousand words”. BEHAVIOURAL MICROSCOPY Once you get more experienced at looking at things under the microscope you will begin identifying and interpreting how the blood is "behaving" - how the red and the white blood cells are moving, or not moving, how long it takes for them to disintegrate and die, what movement there is amongst the cells, in what direction, are WBCs lyzing and dying quickly, is the integrity of the cell wall of the RBCs disintegrating and how quickly, etc. Try to correlate this with the patient’s history – have they recently been exposed to any toxins of any kind, have they had an amalgam filling placed or removed, have they had a root canal recently, what is their present psychoemotional condition, are they exposed to mobile phone stress, geopathic stress, electromagnetic stress, what are their eating habits, are they drinking enough water or are they dehydrated, have they had any operations recently, are they taking any medicinal drugs – all these factors will affect the ‘behaviour’ of the blood, and once you get experienced at seeing the blood behave over time, you will then be able to better correlate the patient’s lifestyle factors with what you are seeing. This is the fascinating field of "Behavioural Microscopy" which is going to see more and more light in the future as more microscopists begin to interpret what they see in this way. It is my intention to videotape a number of patients over time and comment on the behaviour of their blood – I will complete this and have it up on the website © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008before you have completed this course – hopefully it will be the icing on the cake that will open up new research doors for you all. Before we get out teeth into the scientific side of darkfield microscopy, I just want to add here that if there is anything that a student picks up on that they disagree with, or if they come across a ‘gem’ during their Internet searches or further reading that I have missed, please feel free to send this across and I will make certain that it is incorporated into these lessons with full acknowledgments to the student that sends it – we all need to be humble and learn from each other. My email address is drgeorge@collegenaturalmedicine.comINTERPRETING MORPHOLOGIES UNDER DARKFIELD/PHASE CONTRASTWhat you will learn in this chapter is how to interpret the various morphologies seenin the phase contrast and darkfield views, as well as the treatment protocols that will help your patients. Most of the interpretation that will be reviewed here have been scientifically researched and are provided with a rich bibliography. It is important for legal reasons to be able to scientifically substantiate what you are seeing. Enderlein language is all well and good, but it is difficult to substantiate this scientifically. Learn the terminology, but avoid using it publicly unless it has been scientifically substantiated. It is important to become microscopists per se and go beyond working in darkfield - learn everything you can about phase contrast and brightfield microscopy and use these to the benefits of the patient, as well as darkfield. Use common sense and decide when to flick between phase contrast and darkfield.
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008HOW TO BEGIN Once you have taken a blood sample it would be useful to use phase contrast initially with a 50X objective to begin identifying shapes and sizes. It is a lot easier to do this in phase contrast mode as it will eliminate all the background material of protits and other small particles that are clearly seen under darkfield but that would otherwise be a distraction – phase contrast will view only the major blood components such as red and white blood cells and their relative sizes. Once you have an idea of the different shapes and sizes and identified specific cells related to nutritional deficiencies, then you can continue to darkfield analysis beginning with the 50X oil immersion. SIZE DIFFERENTIATIONInitially, it would be good to identify the normal sizes of the various red and white blood cells, as well as the thrombocytes. This is important so that you can differentiate the cells that are either smaller or larger and will have meaning regarding your interpretation. It would probably be useful if you obtain an occular or eye objective with a graticule (a grid divided into 0.1 microns) so that you can begin to identify sizes of various cells. A cheaper alternative would be to obtain a slide with a graticule built in so thatyou can again determine the sizes of these cells.
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008Size Differentiation SHAPE DIFFERENTIATION Identifying shapes is also important as different shapes of cells are diagnostically significant. As you scan the slide under phase contrast, have a notebook next to the microscope and note the shapes you are seeing and what they mean. Shape DifferentiationPROTEIN LINKAGEThis is when one specific section of the red cell membrane becomes linked to another – I call these ‘kissing erythrocytes.’ This is often found when there is a high valence of lipoproteins in the serum.This is the first sign of rouleau or blood stickiness and may be related to digestive insufficiency, excess protein consumption, imbalanced electrolytes, and inability to assimilate lipids or toxicity. Treatment suggestions: dietary problems and digestive insufficiency should be addressed – the use of pancreatic enzymes. Reduction of animal fat and protein may be necessary, with the addition of Omega 3,6,9 fatty acids.
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008Protein Linkage ROULEAU Macromolecular substances can cause rouleau: • Industrial poisons such as parathion, carbon tetrachloride and benzene • Trauma, shock, allergies and infections • Alcoholism• Arthritis • Diabetes • Myocardial infarction • High ESR (an inflammatory blood marker) Anything that varies the electrical negative charge of the cell membrane causing themto stick together.
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Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course © Dr. George J Georgiou, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2008Rouleau ROULEAU - CONSEQUENCES Excessive rouleau formation is clinically significant because it can lead to further erythrocyte aggregation which can be detrimental especially in those people suffering from occlusive vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. It can also increase the viscosity of the blood causing impairment of blood flow in the microvasculature. Most important, increased rouleau formation reduces the exposed surface area of red blood cells and diminishes the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide, resulting in localized hypoxia and acidosis, as well as generalized fatigue in the affected individual. Treatment suggestions: staying on a 15-day alkaline detoxification diet - download a free e-book on this topic, with another excellent e-book on liver and GB flush - thesetwo combined will usually clear this rouleau within 15 days. It would be good to add Omega 3,6,9 fatty acids, vitamin E (400-500 IU), a multivitamin/mineral supplement, Sanum’s Mucokehl, along with digestive enzymes and betaine HCl + Pepsin if there are symptoms of stomach or bowel distension. ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION or ‘BLOOD SLUDGE’ Causes: - Ingestion of high fat meals - High blood cholesterol levels - Blood fat chemistry imbalances - Cancer and chemotherapy

IMPORTANCE OF DARK-FIELD EXAMINATION IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS

by M. P. Vora, M.B.B.S.

HON. CLINICAL ASSISTANT, VENEREAL DEPT., SIR J. J. HOSPITAL, BOMBAY.

The Medical Bulletin

Number. 2 of Volume No –VIII.,1940, Number. 182 of January 20 th, 1940.

Page No. 40 to 42.

Dark-field examination is a valuable means of diagnosing syphilis in its very early stage. It is a method by which one can directly observe and identify the Treponema pallidum in the living condition. Once one is familiarized with the characteristics of the Treponema pallidum it is not likely to be mistaken for anything else. Its recognition is always conclusive. Dark-field examination is very simple and can be done in a short time on a good bacteriological microscope with a special dark-field condenser. The technique is easy and can be mastered in a short time. The detection of the Treponema pallidum in the serous exudate from the chancre is pathognomonic of Lues, though failure to find at one examination does not exclude the infection. The organism, though always present, in the primary lesion may not be found at once and careful and repeated searches may be necessary. The results of the examination are accurate and compare well with other diagnostic procedures. Dark-field examination is also of considerable value in diagnosing Wassermann-negative secondary syphilis. In this examination there are not the same difficulties of interpretation, or fallacies as one has in the Wassermann reaction, which also takes some time to develop. Hence this method of diagnosis can be applied with advantage in cases of early syphilis. Great importance of early diagnosis and early institution of specific treatment in syphilis cannot be disputed; for earlier the treatment is started the greater the hope of complete cure. Besides, early diagnosis will curtail the prolonged illness and reduce the length of the courses of treatment. It also means saving some inconvenience and expenses both to the patient and the hospital. It will help to control the transmission and the spread of infection which is inevitable otherwise. Upon this will depend our best hope of eradicating the disease, an important problem in Public Health.

The tendency to wait till the Wassermann reaction proves positive is to be deplored. Usually one has to wait for a few (4 to 8) weeks before the test becomes positive- a period in which the diagnosis can be easily established in the majority of the cases by the dark-field examination. The percentage of positive Wassermann reactions increases with the age of the disease until the secondary stage is established whereas the percentage of the dark-field examinations reaches in the maximum in the second week of the appearance of the sore. In expert hands, during the second week, the results of the former have been calculated to be about 35%, while those of the latter procedure attain a figure of over 90%. “In subjecting a patient with venereal sore to a Wassermann reaction one must clearly understand that so far as the diagnosis is concerned one is employing a method which is at it’s worst precisely at a time when the dark-field examination is at its best. It means deliberate sacrifice of the patient’s chance of complete cure.”

Taking these facts into consideration and also bearing in mind the frequency of the positive results with a dark-field examination, the value of this test increases proportionately and ranks high in importance. It is very unfortunate that such a simple and reliable method of diagnosing syphilis should have sustained delay in popularization.

The Material – The follow-up of the cases studied is not very satisfactory, because several of the patients who attend the clinic sadly lack any sense of co-operation. Few patients give a proper history or follow regular treatment to completion.

A series of 120 patients, clinically diagnosed as suffering from venereal sores were subjected to dark-field examination and Wassermann reaction in the first week of their attendance in the V.D. Department of the Sir J. J. Hospital. The exact day of the appearance of the sore could not be found out in the majority of cases. The cases which were Wassermann negative in the first instance were again subjected to a Wassermann test a second time in the third week. Further follow-up was not possible because some had their treatment started, while others failed to attend. Reports of five of the cases were not available for reference. The 115 cases fall into the following groups:-

TABLE –I

TABLE –II

TABLE –III

Wassermann results with reference to the results of the Dark-field examination

TABLE –IV

The study of the above tables will show the following important points:

• Frequency of syphilitic infection: syphilis is commoner than thought. 84 cases of 115 proved positive giving percentage of 75%. Hence there is more reason to subject to dark-field examination every case of genital sore.
• Comparative efficiency of the dark-field examination over the Wassermann reaction both in the first and third week. Dark-field gives 67.7% against 13.4% in the first week and 40.7 in the third week.
• Comparative accuracy of the dark-field examination in diagnosis as shown by the figures. Only in 6 cases dark-field examination failed, while the Wassermann reaction later proved positive, this gives an error of 17.1% or slightly more if one makes an allowance for the cases which might still turn positive later on. This error is surely insignificant considering the ample compensation shown in the early diagnosis of 38 cases where the Wassermann reaction could not be of help till the end of third week. The results could have been improved still by the proper selection of the cases in the second week of the appearance of the sore and by repeated examinations. The importance of the application of simple saline dressings alone to the sores cannot be overlooked.
• Negative dark-field examination alone does not always exclude the possibility of infection; it is therefore necessary to do a Wassermann reaction where the dark-field examination is negative.

As regards the treatment, the maximum amount of treatment necessarily required in a given case will undoubtedly vary; but even in those cases who start and follow regular treatment in the sero-negative primary stage, the minimum is necessary both in amount and time. Two or three courses of specific treatment will be adequate for cure in the majority of cases instead of four minimum after all signs and symptoms have disappeared when the Wassermann reaction becomes early positive, i.e. two years’course. A course means ten injections each of N.A.B. and Bismostab in moderate doses given regularly at weekly intervals. By this it is not meant to suggest any short or abortive form of treatment. Twenty injections each of arsenic and bismuth, probably more but not less, are fundamental to the control of syphilis in its very early stages. It could not be overemphasized that under no circumstances should the so-called abortive cure by short treatment followed by series of blood tests be considered adequate and worthy of trial; for syphilis is a relapsing disease par excellence and every consideration of its cure and prognosis must be based on this qualification.”It is this feature that renders Lues so serious.

Syphilologists should spare no efforts to impress on the minds of the patients the fact that the treatment must be pursued even though the lesion have healed and the Wassermann reactions have become negative. No case should be dismissed as cured unless and until repeated examinations of blood, cerebro-spinal fluid, skin and mucosa show persistent negative results. Cerebro-spinal fluid is examined not only for Wassermann reaction but also for increase of proteins, especially globulins and the cell-count. This is the only way to check the significant and extensive problem that confronts modern medicine.

An argument is sometimes advanced against this early treatment. It is said that it prevents ‘healthy reaction’which is natural in the development of the disease, that it impairs the resistance of the individual and that it makes relapse or recrudescence commoner. This argument is not convincing; for there are a few cases in which a relapse is inevitable notwithstanding the fact that the cases started late treatment and followed it religiously to completion. If immunity is to develop it should do so by the time the sore appears, i.e. during the incubation period for three or more weeks, long before which the organisms completely invade the human body. Relapse- it looks reasonable- should be attributed to improper treatment, to the failure to use heavy metal with arsenic, to the tendency to attach too much importance to blood tests alone and lastly to the relapsing nature of the disease. Careful analysis of the cases will be convincing. Practically no case should relapse i.e. show signs of syphilis and become sero-positive if every case is diagnosed early, is given regularly the proper treatment and is followed up by constant observation. Relapse should become a myth and complete cure can be assured generally.

Conclusions – “The results of treatment commenced in the sero-negative primary stage are overwhelmingly superior to those begun later. It is therefore of the utmost importance to establish the diagnosis of syphilis before the advent of positive Wassermann reaction and this can only be done with certainty by finding Treponema pallidum in the serum expressed from the primary sore.”Hence dark-ground examination should be made as a routine in every case of venereal sore and the golden opportunity of treating the disease in its early and curable stage should not be lost. It would indeed be an invaluable contribution towards the treatment and relief of the syphilitics.

Acknowledgement – I am especially indebted to Dr. W. N. Weliker, Venereologist, Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, for kindly permitting me to follow and publish the reports of the cases and Professors P.V. Gharpure and M. J. Parmanand for helping me and giving me the facilities to carry out this work and to Lt-Col. Jelal M. Shah I.M.S. for his encouragement.

REFERENCES

STOKES, Modern Syphilology.

CONYBEARE, Text Book of Medicine.

HARRISON , Venereal Diseases.

DAVID LEES, Diagnosis and Treatment of Venereal Diseases.